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Once upon a time ... the apartheid

'Apartheid' means 'separate development': in the old South Africa was to divide the country into regions (black and white - and then for mestizos and Indians), 'developing' regardless of ethnicity.

In reality, then, the most productive agricultural areas, mining areas were white, while the commercial ones were developed 'in between', in the white areas on the border with black ones, to allow access from both ' one than the other part.

buses were divided, the revenue split in the shops, the benches in parks, toilets, beaches of the sea, everything.

Verwoerd In 1975, the President inaugurated a new era with the establishment of the 'homelands' (= semi-independent areas, distributed according to ethnic groups: Batswana - Bapedi - Basotho - Zulu - Xhosa - Ndebele - Sell): each ethnic group had its own 'place' and the map of South Africa became a kind of 'collage' in which there were many spots corresponding to these islands. Eye of the ordinary citizen was as a leopard's back, a whitish background with many irregular black spots. It was decided to give these 'homelands' a name, a president, a government, a parliament, a flag ... to make them 'satellite states' ... the problem was that no foreign state never officially recognized the 'homelands'. The reality was that these presidents and governments were not the 'long arm' of the central government in Pretoria.

The practical consequences of the system were visible: Diversified salaries for whites and blacks (the same job were paid differently depending on the color of the skin), social facilities (hospitals, clinics, administration public, etc.). different way of planning the territory altogether. Then the chance that some of the white area and you seemed to be in Switzerland: villa with garden and swimming pool ... 20-30 - 40 km further: real slum, the first world and third world few miles away. Brits it was the most visible example, a rural town with all the amenities and artistic fountains - two kilometers many tin sheds for a few thousand people without water (except for a number of taps scattered in 'location') without drains (they used buckets that were withdrawn during the night) without light. A Legonyane in black area, 40 km to about by Brits, there was only one well to three thousand people, and people went to dig for water in the dry bed of the stream which flowed only during the rainy season.

To keep all this system had been developed a ruthless propaganda to justify it (even at the religious!), With a security service one of the most efficient in the world and separate education, where schools of ' blacks' were taught a little history and geography little to prevent someone look over ... (it was called 'Bantu Education System').

Apartheid was a complex phenomenon that is difficult to explain in a nutshell. The apartheid breathed ... became a way of thinking 'in black and white' you shut yourself in, whether you were white, whether you were black.

The parliament was divided and there were three rooms: for the whites, the mestizos and Indians residing in the country. No representation for the then national policy (if I remember correctly) 25 million Africans who had only local representatives in the 'homelands'.

... which fortunately ended.

When I arrived in South Africa in 1987, the situation was 'fruit' - would not have gone on for long. There was a lot of people paurafra a revolution and a civil war, as had happened in Rhodesia, who recently became Zimbabwe. The attacks 'terrorism' (as they were defined by the central government) were multiplying, the economic crisis due to the sanctions and the embargo was felt at all levels. The autocracy of South Africa could no longer survive in a world that was becoming globalized. In 1989 the then Interior Minister De Klerk together with the Foreign Minister, Pik Botha, the deposed President PW Botha who had had a paresis and indissero elections and wondered if the whites begin a process of change and democratization of South Africa. The majority said yes to change. The first result was the release of Mandela (February 11, 1990) and recognition of his party, the ANC and other parties which until then had been banned as a terrorist associations. Later in the referendum among whites in March '92, the journey started by De Klerk and Mandela was officially accepted. He then began with the Constitutional Assembly that was to re-write the Constitution .

The Commission Truth and Reconciliation (Truth and Reconciliation Commission - TRC)

President De Klerk, in the transition from old system to the new South Africa, said an amnesty was issued to all officials of the old system that had been stained with crimes against humanity in the name of the old ideology. Civil society said no. Then there was the danger of a repetition of what happened after 1945 in Germany with the Nazi criminals who were scattered all over the world. We wanted to solve the problem within the country. The discussion that followed revealed the desire to establish a committee consisting of representative members of the law and the church that would help in national reconciliation. It was understood that the simple process of legal justice is not enough: we need a spiritual renewal and moral sense. It was necessary, first of all, establish the truth of the facts and begin a process of inner healing of the nation. It was decided that the committee was made up of 17 members and chaired by Nobel prize for peace, the Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, Desmond Tutu. Victims and survivors were invited to tell their stories. The criminals to seek amnesty in a process of self-incrimination.

was clearly a step beyond retributive justice: the 'punishment' imposed were never 'right' in this sense: the criminals fared with a 'fool' the public and the victims had the satisfaction of witnessing their suffering. Compensation and refunds were made only to those who were suffering economically because of the crimes of the old system, the poorest, and this creates problems of popularity of the Commission. But the Commissioners are asked: 'How much does a man's life? You can make a tariff? ' How much could cost - for example - the hands of that Anglican minister who received a letter bomb by the security department of the then Ministry of the Interior and lost forever?

about 22.500 cases were opened and closed and this, unexpectedly (it was a miracle!) Led to a deep inner healing of both victims and perpetrators of crimes. It is understood that evil was done and was irreversible and was priceless. We had to go over, turn the page, start a new chapter. Do not forget, but to ensure that the memory is no longer a source of revenge and this is the true reconciliation.

The TRC can be seen in human history as a great story of justice and an example to rebuild a nation from within. The legal philosophers, jurists and historians judge from their point of view. With the people, the TRC has played a key role in national reconciliation and the re-opening the future of South Africa, a nation 'rainbow' formed by several large ethnic groups.

The example of the TRC was then exported to Rwanda, Burundi, Ivory Coast and Israel with various results. But the TRC in my opinion is a clear example

implementation of the famous Gospel saying: 'the truth shall make you free'.

The political justice in South Africa was achieved in 1994 with the first democratic elections and the presidency Mandela. The economic and social justice are still difficult to build. But the transition from the old to the new South Africa is a great model of integration for all humanity.

of p. Stefano Senaldi , Stigmatine, has lived in South Africa 17 years

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SOUTH AFRICA WHERE RACISM ERA OF STATE

Maria Vittoria Adami

Championships World Cup in South Africa this year will have a special meaning.

In 2010 it is celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Nelson Mandela and the beginning the path of abatement policy of apartheid, which divided the black population than white in a systematic way, in 1948. Recalling also the atmosphere experienced in 1995 during the Rugby World Cup in South Africa, won by the home team and celebrated film by Clint Eastwood, Invictus. Then the sporting event was an opportunity to meet and removal of barriers and the South African victory was enriched by a multitude of meanings.

was a memorable moment, which may return with the World Cup: a chance to teach younger generations the futility of separation, with the Afrikaans language expressed by the term "apartheid" in fact. Let

inspiration integration and unity for the future was also the intent of the conference on Saturday, organized by the Commonwealth of Sezano Stimmatinic on Redan (the network of black African Diaspora in Italy), Pangea-House of cultures and CISL: 1990-2010, 20 years after the end of apartheid in South Africa. Beginning of the path of freedom and dignity.

The day has reviewed the crucial moments of the construction and dismantling of the separation policy, adopted by the victory of the Nationalist Party of South Africa. Today s'inorridisce front of that body of law that classified citizens by racial groups: the white minority, blacks African (Bantu) and colored (a mixed descent). Yet the ban on race relations, the ban blacks from public places, types of work or school is not far away on the timeline. The black population without political representation, has lived confined to certain areas, up to twenty years ago. The voice of social conscience and anger was the preserve of writers and poets. There were opponents of apartheid, gathered under the African National Congress (ANC), founded in 1912 and led in the mid-twentieth century, from Nelson Mandela. The action was a response to their persecution and installation of a police state. In 1960, a long series of protests culminated the Sharpeville massacre and the banning of all black political organizations. Demonstrations, strikes and clashes continued for the Seventies. There followed a decade of reforms that allowed the representatives

black (75 percent of the population) to organize and carry out a limited political activity.

But the constitutional recognition - in 1984 - only a representation of Asians and colored (not black), strengthening the climate of tension, projecting the bad example the South African international level. In 1990, President Frederick de Klerk revoked, so the ban on ANC and freed its leader, Nelson Mandela, imprisoned for 25 years. With the latter, in 1993 signed an agreement on the modalities of the transition to democracy in South Africa. At first free elections in 1994, Mandela was released first black president in the history of South Africa.

It closed a chapter of recent history and far away from the perception of the democratic world. His witnesses today are alive and young and can tell what they saw, blacks and whites, each from his point of view, "to leave - says the director of South Africa Embassy in Rome, Dancan Sebefelo Mobel - a common history of tragedy but also triumph. "

"I was there, I am there"

Testimonials black and white

Franco Marangoni 's Italian name, white skin and blond-red hair. It is South African. Born 33 years ago by Italian immigrant parents in the sixties in South Africa, speaks Italian flawed foreign accent. Childhood, adolescence and youth were spent in Africa, apartheid child viewer.

"It seems strange, almost impossible, to have lived. I attended a multi-ethnic school, because they were expensive private. However school education for blacks was inferior.

The separation was something that breathes and you understood. One day, coming home from school, at home with my parents saw some fathers Stigmatine. With them, the black driver. I looked at my mom and said: "There is a black man in the living room." It was an unusual for me, even though many black people were part of my life and I were fond of. I was not used to the image of a black man sitting in the living room drinking coffee. "

"Another time, at school, there was a bomb threat. They made us evacuate. Then we returned, I was afraid to return. Police time to inspect the building and left only a policeman and a dog. I also remember the signs in the bathrooms of the rooms, on beaches and in hotels, places for white people and the living area reserved for the black population: a shanty town with nearby military installations. Degraded area, which contrasted with the rich across the street. They took us on a trip there once. I always saw through the window of my father's factory, but I have never been inside. There were no sidewalks, while we were concrete and green lawns. There were piles of garbage and a bathroom that was used for the whole neighborhood. A tap every few houses. At the end of the Eighties felt that things were changing. During the referendum of March 1992, for the white population, stuck to the television at school, during breaks between classes, looking at the results: 68 percent was in favor of reforms to bring down apartheid. Unforgettable the Rugby World Cup 1995. The sport united the people, it was like a fairy tale for the victory and the celebrations of South Africa was wonderful.

Councillor of Multilateral Affairs of South Africa Embassy in Rome, Dancan Mobel Sebefelo , spent the apartheid on the other side of the border, but in his words there is above all hope for the future . "The testimony of Franco Marangoni is important. Who now says "I do not I had seen or understood, "answer the memories of a child who saw the abnormal situation dictated by apartheid. Those who wanted to see the truth, he saw her. We were separated in a systematic way. " "When Mandela was released, we were full of youthful enthusiasm. It seemed a step too far and we young people thought to resolve the issue with the armed uprising, had a small vision. But he answered with forgiveness. "

"Apartheid was a system crash, Barbara. One wonders why he was not opposed to anything done, because it was cheap as a politician. For the benefits it produced was the interest in doing so remain standing. After 1994 and Journal of Mandela's speech, democracy was established and started a new way of doing things. We have made progress: a new Constitution and a Bill of Rights has protected the freedom of man. We have built Equality, made housing for the disadvantaged, provided the work, education and health. Within fifteen years has sought integration and youth have a bright future ahead. There was a profound progress, although we have enormous challenges ahead, starting the economy. Our flag is a symbol of negotiation, has beautiful color and unites us all. We are proud to be not just an example, but also a cultural and political success, an inspiration for other communities. "

source of Verona Fedele 28.03.2010

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The TG1 has censored the 150,000 Milan

letter of protest to Free

So TG1 betrays the role of the Public Service


President Al Rai Paul Garimberti
The Board of Directors of Rai
and copied to the National Federation of the Italian Press
All'Usigrai
the editorial board of Tg 1

Freedom of Information Foundation firmly condemns the shameful way in where Tg 1, the main newspaper of the Public Service Television, dealt with the Day of Remembrance and Commitment in memory of the Victims of the Mafia, which was held in Milan on March 20 at the initiative of Free and Public Notice.

edition of the Tg 1 13:30 ignored the event, while that of the 20:00 news items has put a less than thirty seconds, covered by generic images in the queue on the news and even after the news Extraction of the lot.

has ignored so offensive and so grotesque a large procession of 150,000 people (figures quoted by the press of opinion as to the Corriere della Sera and La Stampa), which took place in the heart of Milan, filling the square Cathedral, in memory of the Victims of the Mafia, hundreds of families to report the advance of the criminal interests that endanger democracy.

The Tg 1 has failed the fundamental duty to represent reality in the completeness of the information and the role of Rai as a public service funded by all citizens.

Roberto Morrione
Foundation President Free Information

source peacelink.it

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Press Review Press Review

The CEI "highly improper" change the rules in race
Marco Tosatti

Domenico Mogavero, Bishop of Mazara del Vallo and President for Legal Affairs of the CEI, interviewed by Vatican Radio the latest developments in critical mess lists

Changing the rules of the game running is 'highly improper' supports Bishop Domenico Mogavero, Bishop of Mazara del Vallo and President for Legal Affairs of the CEI, an interview with Vatican Radio, "Democracy is a beautiful form of people's participation in public life, but it is a fragile reality that needs to be supported and accompanied by rules and regulations, because otherwise we can no longer orient - said Monsignor Mogavero - If the result of arbitrariness of someone or if it should be improvised every day, lack of research reports, and legal perspectives. The rules are not an accidental aspect of living together, but said the track on which set out to finalize the democracy. "
The chaos of the electoral roll for the Regional in Lazio and Lombardia, which is being held in bank these days - that Monsignor Mogavero has defined, with Napolitano's words "a mess" - and the resulting decree "safe-lists" have led to "a condition in which the value of the holding is not challenged by compliance with the rules, which are a guarantee for the protection of all. Changing the rules of the game while the game is already in place is highly improper on the part of all, because it legitimizes any arbitrary action on the grounds that the reasons more or less relevant or intrinsic value at stake, the value of participation. "& # 160;
"There have been carelessness, and shortcomings in dealing with the democratic game approximations that are not in favor of anyone - even Monsignor Mogavero added in the interview, broadcast on 5 March, the day of approval Decree - Maybe this means that we are unprepared for substantive democracy. We feed words such as "participation" and "consensus", then when this conflicts with something that penalizes us, we call upon other values \u200b\u200band other improvised solutions to repair the faults of those who have improvised and wrong. "

source www.lastampa.it of 7.marzo.2010